김동선KimDong-Sun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this empirical study was to provide the South-Korean government an effective decision making of the national unification policies by collecting people's opinions regard upon performing various sports interchange programs between South and North Korea. For this study, a total of 566 surveys were collected at Seoul Worldcup Stadium on Sept. 7th, 2002. As results, First, the performing various sports interchange programs between the South and North Korea were positively evaluated in terms of activating unifications on socio-cultural aspects and improving the potential energy when lineup at unity. Second, people who have positive opinions on performing sports interchanges have strong awareness and afformative attitudes on understanding policies associated with the North Korea. Third, It was shown that those who were against the sunshine policy rooted for the north in the South and North matches.

Key Words

south and north korea, sports interchanges

김영웅JinYing-Xiong , 이종원LeeQiong-Weon , 나영일NaYoung-I1

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Abstract

Key Words

methodological essays on sport history, historical approach of thought of physical education, history of physical training, history of sport education, biographies of sport figures or records of sport organizations, history of sport regulations and system

손수범SonSooBeom

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Abstract

The purposes of this study were to identify effects of economic growth produces on in Korean society described changes of Korean elite sports and analyzed how social change had been influential with elite sports. The result of this study were as follows : First, Korean elite sports had grown by economic growth but in high rate of economic growth elite sports became rather inactive. In 60's and 70's, elite sports laid the foundations for the development by the rearing policy and in 1980's, were in their best days by the rearing policy with economic power. But in 1990's, elite sports was rather depressed by the reasons of changes of people's sense. Second, economic growth increased Korean financial scale and the budget of elite sports. The increase of sports budget influenced on the policy of the Administration but in was impossible without economic power. As the national budget increased from 154 billions in 1962 to 173trillions and 500billions in 2000, sports budget and the Administration' subside for sports increased remarkably. Third, as Korean economy grow, the participating scale of Olympic keep on enlarging. The participation and holding of Olympic need much budget together with the Administration policy. Especially without economic power we cannot dispatch the large scale national athlete in Olympic. Fourth, as the Administration is interested in the nations' welfare, The athlete' welfare also become promoted remarkably. Fifth, Korean elite sports had rapidly grown with developmental in company economics. But, when we stagnate economically in 1998, it had kept the negative effects on elite sports. As enterprises went bankrupt or the finance of firms was very bad, Sports budget shrank and the number of athlete. Economic growth had been exerted much influences on elite sports. In 60's and 70's, the Governments had promoted elite sports, however, could not achieve the satisfactory results. In 1980's, elite sports was brought up by the aid of the policy promotion for elite sports and economic power. In 1990's, sports for all and pro-sports became activated, however, elite sports rather became depressed.

Key Words

economic growth, economic power, elite sports, budget of elite sports

손환SonHwan

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Abstract

As explained above, we examined the construction background, structure and regulation for use of Gyungsung Ground and the various matches and tournament in Gyungsung Ground to understand the conditions of Gyungsung Ground, the representative ground in Korean modern sports facilities during the Japanese colonial days, As a result, the following can be concluded. 1. Gyungsung Ground was the best ground in Asia that was built on the total dimension of about 75,000㎡ with 155,000won as total construction cost. Gyungsung Authority decided to build it on the site where the training institute was located through the extraordinary conference as one of the project to celebrate the marriage of the Crown Prince and because of the necessity of the complete ground in Oct. 1925. 2. Gyungsung Ground included the field and track, baseball ground, and tennis court. The field and track was about 28,100㎡ wide with 15,000seats. The field and track was 500m long and 10m wide. And the football field, net was 27m. The distance from the home base to the left and right fence was 108m. The distance from the home base to the middle fence was 111.6m. The score boards were at the outfield and it had 7,000seats. The tennis court was 3,310㎡ wide and had two courts. It had 3,900seats and the training court of about 660㎡. 3. The entrance to Gyungsung Ground was divided into two age groups, 7 to 15 years old and over 15 years old. So people had to buy the private entrance and group entrance ticket. The private entrance ticket was divided into one time ticket and return ticket. The group entrance ticket was for the group over 35 people and was divided into the student ticket and general ticket. In addition, the fixed fee for use should be paid for matches and exercises. And it ran from 8AM until the sunset during winter and from 7AM until the sunset during other seasons. 4. In Gyungsung Ground, diverse matches and competitions were held from 1926 to the end of the Japanese colonial days, such as Chosen Amateur Athletic Association, national competitions including football, baseball, tennis, field and track events and all-round games held by the organ of expression, various athletic organizations and schools and preliminary matches for the Olympic and Far East Asia championships.

Key Words

Japanese colonial days, korea modern sport, gyungsung ground

장권JangKwon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the features of Taekwondo in the North and South Korea, to scheme improvement of skills in Taekwondo by comparing and analyzing the demonstration and to grope for plan to overcome the difference between the two demonstrations of the North and the South. The differences of the two demonstrations shown in this study are : Firstly, the composition and operating of the demonstration team. In case of the South, it was standing team and honorary post without payment. And it's composed with ordinary people and university students with average age of 23.5. They trained once per week regularly and belonged to Kuk Ki Won. In case of the North, it's standing team and composed with various kind of people like university students, soldiers, teachers and athletic guidance teacher. Their average age was 27 and found to be higher than the South. They trained at all times after working and on a holiday in their own position and was found to enforce camp training when there was on expected event. Secondly, the difference in demonstration vocabulary. According to the long-term division under different structure, the demonstration vocabulary changed in the North by the influence of cultural language policy like 'poomse' to 'Teul', Jungmil kyeok-pa to 'Ki-gyo chaki', and Kisool kyeok-pa to 'Teuk-ki chaki' etc. Thirdly, the contents of demonstration. In case of the North, it emphasized the traditional aspects and developed the brutal skills. So that was shown as the form of emphasizing application to actual fighting and destructive power. In case of the South, it was developed to the form of emphasizing the utility and artistic character according to the activation of demonstration culture and improvement in the aspects as a game. The Taekwondo demonstration includes all of basic motion, poomse, competition, destruction, and self-defense, the 5elements of Taekwondo. For this very reason, the interchange or research about Taekwondo demonstration in the North and the South will be the foundation for skill improvement and the unification in Taekwondo.

Key Words

taekwondo demonstration, north and south korea

정계환ChungJae-Hwan , 김대광KimDae-Kwang

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Abstract

This study has the purpose of having understanding and vision of sports policy of Korea by understanding basically the sports policy, the process of the change of the policy in general viewpoints by analyzing the sport policy of Korea, significance and results of Seoul Olympiad and World Cup as the successful examples, and the progressive vision of sport policy of Korea has been analyzed. Korea's sport policy has been decided exclusively by government or president without considering the various interests of many organizations resulting in the unreasonable sport policy. Policy making has been decided mainly by government in modern administration nation and Korean governments since the liberation have been unable to secure the fair will of people and effectiveness of the policy without having them participate at the process of policy making of sport. The reason why the important goal of Korean sports what we call the promotion of national sports has not been achieved would be the lack of democratic and participational nature in deciding the sport policy by government. Therefore I would like to present the following proposals for the policy as the subject for progressive vision of the sports of Korea. 1. The dual administration in elite sports and school gymnastics shall be simplified. 2. The long-term, professional, and composite plan shall be processed for Korean sports with the administration, sports, and working level personnels participating. 3. The development of sports shall be sought with Elite sports, sports for all, and school gymnastics related respectively. 4. The professional sports human resources shall be trained. 5. The financial investment shall be performed bravely for the possible demand of sports and physical education. 6. The decision, formation, execution, and the process of sport policy shall be open and transparent through participation.

Key Words

Korean sport policies

김홍식KimHong-Sik

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Abstract

Recently, the issue about the relationship between baduk(go) and sports has aroused. It is very important to the experts in sports who are interested in characteristics of sports. Because it deals with the identity of both area, sports science and its practice. Nevertheless, the discussion on the relationship between baduk and sports has been insufficient. The insufficiency is caused by the following difficulties in the prevailing method of defining the characteristics of sports. 1) The prevailing method of defining the characteristics of sports (or looking for the answer about 'what is sports?') depend upon the ordinary language analysis. 2) Because defining the characteristics of sports by ordinary language analysis is phenomena-descriptive, it cannot evaluate the truth or false in the appearance of new uses of the terminology, 'sports'.

Key Words

Characteristics of sports, baduk, ordinary language analysis

남중웅NamJoong-Woong

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to explore the discourse on the body genealogically and to discuss the discourse of the technological body in sports phenomenon which all the activities are carried out by the body. The body in the organic form of modern society is pursuing its extreme changeability with the development of science and technology. 'Technology-Human being - Sport' in one united body shows the possibility of the new evolution of the body which is formed between human being and technology by participants and spectators. Accordingly this study shows the possibility of the existence of 'morphing' and 'borging' worked between human being(an organic body) and technology that interact and interdepend in sports phenomenon.

Key Words

technology, discourse, body

안진규AnJin-Kyu , 진윤수JinYoon-Soo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of study was to explore the relationship between the concepts of physical education and Martin Buber's 'I-Thou' concept. Martin Buber didn't articulate through theory of physical education, but it is possible to see connections between modern physical education theory and the principal aim of his thought by analyzing his thoughts on education and his 'I-Thou' conception of relationships. - Martin buber's thoughts physical education can be summarized as follows- 1. M. Buber indicated an aim of physical education very similar to that of modern physical education theorists, As with all education, the aim is to develop a whole person. To this end, the primary focus of physical education is the 'I-Thou' relationship. 2. Conventional physical education and a Buber-oriented way have things to offer the development of physical and cognitive and motor development each other. Noticeably, modern physical teaching can offer programs for the achievement of Martin Buber's aim of character education and, in thus, physical educator can be helped to better recognize the need to prepare varieties of curriculum for developing individual character and autonomy and to choosing curriculums for bring up whole persons. 3. Martin Buber indicates that the right teacher imagine is very important for achieving the aim of education. A student may learn the wrong way by a bad imagine of teacher, although the teacher has good programs and the methods of teaching for bring up person as a whole. The aims of character education can be achieved by an anthropocentric teacher. The requirement of an anthropocentric teacher is to understand the standpoint of the student and recognize students' capability creativity and individual difference : The teacher should not have partiality. In particular the teacher should have the modesty to develop himself and be consciousness of the responsibility for the whole person. 4. Ideally students heartily respond to the teacher's call for having an 'I-Thou' Relationship. The minimum necessary requirement for having an 'I-Thou' Relationship is that students love themselves, because students who love themselves can love others. Students are able to accept responsibility for their own actions while being open to information and criticism. To conclude, Martin Buber's thought on education and the 'I-Thou' Relationship indicate that modern physical education comes out of a community of education, because the field of the -'I-It' Relationship is larger than that of the 'I-Thou' Relationship. Therefore Martin Buber requires physical educatiors to focus on the 'I-Thou' Relationship for recovering the validity of modern physical education, which will contribute to establishing the characters of the physical educator and the student.

Key Words

martin buber, I-Thou, I-It

이동건LeeDong-Gun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is focused on the aims of physical education through a historical and philosophical approach. The following consideration was made on the basis of a categories of aims in physical education, a discussion of practical problem. The following paragraph is thought to best summarize the teleology of physical education. 1. The categories of the aims in physical education defined as 1) intrinsic aims 2) instrumental aims 3) ultimate aims. 2. The discussion of practical problem is a study as requiring attention in connection with the establishment of physical education's aims. The most important aim of physical education advocated the harmonious development: intellectual and moral, physical education. Also, The formation of courage in physical education has the very important value, because you find a greater sign of bad and shameful education in a nation according to the formation of courage's existence.

Key Words

category of aims, harmonious development, formation of courage

이영환LeeYoung-Hwan

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Abstract

In the Middle Ages, there was emphasis on suppressing corporal passion and secular desire for people to reach a spiritual state based on Christian asceticism and Scholasticism. In contrast to Greek athletics that pursued the harmonious development of the body and the mind, Christianity defined pleasure in this world as evil and provided the foundation of asceticism, and as this idea became the sublime ideal of Christianity in the Middle Ages it was hard to expect the promotion of physical education. For this reason, Scholasticism had to neglect the value of bodily activities. It concerned over people's interest in faith and emphasized ascetic attitude that the body must be subordinate to the spirit, and did not pay attention to bodily activities, health or physical education. Among saints, however, only Thomas Aquinas was found to argue that the image of human beings was the combination of the body and the mind and, furthermore, insist the wholeness of the body and the mind of human beings. This shows that he restrictively acknowledged the value of bodily activities necessary for the balanced development of a person.

Key Words

Thomas Aquinas, scholaticism

이학준LeeHak-Jun

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the ultimate purpose on koung-fu of physical education. In order to solve this problem. I made questions on the ultimate purpose on koung-fu of physical education. Many peoples have long misunderstand that the purpose of physical education is not so much the embodiment of Tao, as the learning of skill. This study suggests that there are two aspects in koung-fu of physical education. The two aspects are called as learning of skill and embodiment of Tao. here what is Tao? Tao is what is called Teh. and It mean the ultimate source of all beings and the law of their changes. To embody Tao in physical education, those who participate in physical education are supposed to purify his mind and body according to the law of Tao. In short, It is argued that the embodiment of Tao in the koung-fu of physical education should also be thought as important as the learning of skill. The koung-fu of physical education is not mere learning of skill but embodiment of Tao. The method of skill and Tao unity is a true writing after physical activity. In future practice in athletics or students. it is hoped that these ideas will be considered in developing skill and Tao of athletics and students in physical education. A true writing in physical education is finally an reflective behavior done by those who acquired meaningful fact through physical education experience, Which is Humanism oriented and integrated action of theory and practice. That is a true koung-fu of physical education.

Key Words

tao, skill, physical education, koung-fu, true writing

장성수ChangSoung-Soo

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Abstract

This study started from the leisure conceptions of existing have the meaning of the relaxation or the rest and the non-production against the work or the labor with the theoretical background. After consider the conception of reproduction(refresh) on the recreation, I have could scale up the level of the land included in the horizon on the conception of leisure now The purpose of this study attempt that the conception of leisure bring on a change it of a direction-production. The history of human have made up of the civilization in the work, the culture in the understood the reproductive conception of the recreation. In this basis, I could saw a margin for the unity of the bisectional relation on the work and the leisure or the labor and the rest. Because of this reason, I could saw the changeable possibility of the psychological condition in accordance with the form of work and the mind, of the performer. Since it is so, I could came into being the leisure theory of the productive conception in reason to can the productive activity even though in the work peacefully, joyfully and interestedly. And I could saw the profession of job in reason to perform the work joyfully in view of being not the drudgery and the tiresome work but the peace and the amusement it. In addition to this situation, I instituted a logic content that the work performance of this sort create the civilization and the culture of the higher or a different level to not get in the general the work or the labor. Therefore, these situations offer a important basis in accomplish the happiness-life as the final purpose of human's life to us. Because the result of this behavior show the appearance-possibility of the highest leisure theory to pursuit the human culture of a higher rank from the conception of production. We will expected bring to us a big change in the physical education or the human history. From now, the leisure is the same as the production. The leisure is, the same as, the production.

Key Words

productive

강미선KangM-Sun , 이예순LeeYe-Soon , 임나리ImNa-Ri

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Abstract

The primary purpose of the present study was to find out the relationship between dance participation and social status in middle and high schools under the assumption that participation in dance attributes to social mobility. 1,485 pupils were selected as subjects from 16 secondary schools using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method from March to April, 2003. Data related to dance participation and social status were collected through items used in previous studies(Colemen, 1961: Eitzen, 1976:Friesen, 1968:Kang, 1989:Thirer & Wright, 1985). Mean and order were Calculated by items, 2-way ANOVA method was used to test the mean difference. On the basis of the results, the conclusions were drawn as follows: 1. Dance participation possesses a lower status in the same gender of adolescents regardless gender. Schoolboys and girls both have some negative recognition for dance majoring pupils of the same gender. 2. Pupils of male, middle school, middle level's academic performance, hardly dance exercising, lower interest to dance, hardly viewing dance performance, and having no dancing acquaintance have some negative recognition for dance majoring pupils of the same gender. 3. There is a gender difference in recognition for dance majoring pupils of the opposite gender. Schoolboys have positive recognition for dance majoring girls, on the other hand schoolgirls have some negative recognition for dance majoring boys. 4. Pupils of male, higher interest to dance, and frequently viewing dance performance have positive recognition for dance majoring pupils of the opposite gender.

Key Words

dance participation, social status

강창곤KangChang-Gor

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenomenon on the inferior athletes' desocialization process. To achieve the purpose of the study, the qualitative study was utilized for 20 inferior female athletes who had been chosen by purposive sampling. Depth interview carried on line and off line were used for collecting answers. Data analysis based on "the Graser's and the Straus' Constant Comparison Strategy Theory" was carried out. Results of this research were as follows, the desocialization process of inferior athletes consisted of the school life of athletes, secession from athletes' life, and social adaptation.

Key Words

desocialization process, inferior athletes

강효민KangHyo-Min

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between perceived competence and active level in masters swimmers. For accomplishing this purpose of the study, the 322 subjects were sampled by the multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method from masters swimmers of participating in sports center located Seoul. The survey questionnaires were used to collect data. And the statistical methods utilized in this study for analyzing the collected data were ANCOVA and MCA. From the analysis of this study, the following conclusions were obtained: Firstly, perceived competence are different by the activity duration of masters swimming. In detail, perceived competence are group of from four to seven years higher then group of under two years in their swimming activity. Secondly, perceived competence are different by participation of the competition level of masters swimming. In detail, the swimmers of the participation of all competition assigned greater than did not to perceived competence.

Key Words

masters swimmers, perceived competence, swiming activity level

고용주GoRyong-Ju , 김영미KimYoung-Mee

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between the types of coaches' leadership and satisfaction of table tennis players. Research hypotheses and casual model were designed, based on the previous studies and theories, Gender, age, athlete experience, playing experience in game were set as background variables, the types of coaches' leadership as independent variables, and satisfaction of players as a dependent variable. 452 table tennis athletes were selected from 60 middle and high schools as subjects using stratified cluster random sampling method. Data were collected by using the questionnaire whose validity and reliability were tested. Coaches' leadership style was measured by the index from Jo(1992) based on Chelladurai & Saleh(1980)' Leadership Scale for Sports, and player's satisfaction by modified Kim(1989)' questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis method were also used in order to test the hypotheses. Each hypothesis was tested at the signigicant level of .05. On the basis of the results, the conclusions were drawn as followings : 1. Gender and ages have influence on perception of coaches' leadership style. 2. Athlete experience have influence on perception of coaches' leadership style. 3. The types of coaches' leadership have influence on f players' satisfaction. 4. The types of coaches' leadership have influence on satisfaction of skill analysis. 5. The types of coaches' leadership have influence on satisfaction of coaching abilities. 6. The types of coaches' leadership have influence on satisfaction of leadership quality.

Key Words

coaches' leadership, satisfaction of players

권민혁KwonMn-Hyuk , 이은석YiEun-Surk

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dominant and responsive strategies in the unorganized sports participation among peers. Participants of this study were a whole class(36) of 6 grade in Seoul Soekpo Elementary School. This study used participant observation and in-depth interview to obtain relevant data. To analyse the data, taxonomic analysis were used. The findings of this study are as follows: First, the dominant strategies for children who possess strong power are threat, physical assault, command, manipulation, exclusion, insult and ignorance. Second, the responsive strategies for children possess who weak power are compliance, avoidance, resistance, claim, flatter.

Key Words

unorganized sports participation, dominant strategies, responsive strategies, peer

김동아KimDong-A

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Abstract

This study was attempted to examine the effects of various sociopsychological factors related to the qualify of life as an ultimate purpose of aerobics exercise. For analysis of this study, total 1022 subjects of 517 18-year-old female and male participants in aerobics exercise from commercial sports facilities, public sports facilities, and universities located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do province were sampled as experimental group and 505 female and male non-participants in aerobics exercise in the neighboring areas were sampled as control group. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of total 111 questions: 5 questions for background factor, 79 questions for participation in aerobics exercise as an independent factor, 18 questions for body image as a prameter, and 9 questions for the quality of life as a dependent factor. The questionnaire was applied following standardization or testing of validity and confidence, and the effects of factors were verified by covariance analysis, multiple regression analysis, and path analysis. Findings of this study derived from the above process are as follows: First, it was revealed that the participants and the non-participants in aerobics exercise showed significant difference in body image and the quality of life: the participants had higher body image and quality of life than the non-participants. Second, it was shown that participation in aerobics exercise affected the body image: the participants formed their positive body image through the quality of instructor, release of stress and participation in contests among the factors. Third it was found that participation in aerobics exercise affected the quality of life: personal relations, social life and the quality of instructor among the factors affected positively the quality of life, whereas participation in aerobics exercise for their living affected negatively the quality of life. Fourth, it was shown that there was cause-and-effect relation among participation in aerobics exercise, body image, and the quality of life.

Key Words

quality of life, body-image, aerobics exercise

김민철KimMin-Chul

DOI:

Abstract

This study examines the changes the phenomenon of Korea elite-sport based on the attributes of compressed modernity. Compressed modernity in Korean sport initially manifested itself specifically as a phenomenon of a state-led official sport. South Korea state intervened and managed this official sport in order to implement an ideology of improving its national image by means of enhancement of national prestige, solidification of supremacy over North Korean and other. Secondly, the compressed modernity of the Korean elite-sport manifested itself specifically as a result-oriented phenomenon. The result-oriented sport is a side effect of achievement-oriented and result-oriented mentality that takes winning seriously, and thus aims to achieve quick results with a short period of time, in addition, the result-oriented sport with attributes of compressed modernity manifested itself as a concrete phenomenon in the form of winning-oriented and deviated sport. The Korean society was able to shorten the time by intentionally expediting the process in order to obtain expected results due to societal and political reasons. Due to splintered policy process for sports promotion, various side effects ensued. National harmony, promotion of national image, individualism, schooling, and procurement of regional reputation were the reasons for winning and were apparent manifest consequences. Thirdly, the compressed modernity of Korean elite-sport manifested itself as an exhibitive sport. The exhibitive sports were a series of sports events a means of diplomacy. Even though a sport-strong nation cannot become an economically or politically strong nation, sport scores in international sports events becomes a criterion of promoted national image. Korea was obsessed by such a notion almost certainly due to the sport-oriented nationalistic social atmosphere which reached its zenith in the 1980s starting from the 1960s. In conclusion, sport in Korean society has carried a role imperative to the national political system. In particular, the modern Korean sport was a state-led official sport and revealed a result-oriented tendency by placing an emphasis on winning victories both in domestic and international sports events. From the perspective of improving the national image, an exhibitive sport, which played an important role in forging propaganda on an international front, became prevalent.

Key Words

social change, compressed modernity, a state-led official sport, a result-oriented sport, exhibitive sport

남승구NamSeung-Gu , 이종영LeeJong-Young

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to closely examine the relationship between role perception and role expectation performance along with career of bowling players. In order to accomplish this purpose, in this thesis, college student and semi-professional players, who registered at Korea Bowling Association, were chosen as population, and then 350 players were selected as sample from them using the systematic stratified cluster random sampling. Finally 296 subjects were used as the data for the study. The statistical methods utilized in this study for analyzing the collected data were descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and standard multiple regression. Through the above analyses, the following conclusions are obtained. F Firstly, there are differences in bowling players' role perception by career of bowling players. Secondly, there are differences in bowling players' role expectation performance by career of bowling players. Lastly, bowling players' role ambiguity influences on the role expectation performance.

Key Words

bowling players, career, role perception, role expectation performance

박영민ParkYoung-Min , 이은석YiEun-Surk , 이한규LeeHan-Gue

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between coaching style of golf instructors and perceived teaching effectiveness. For accomplishing these purposes, the 212 subjects were selected using the multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method from the middle school, high school students and adults in driving ranges and golf courses nearby Kyoungki-Do and Seoul in 2001. The data for the study were collected through the survey questionnaire. For the data of Leadership Scale for Sports Questionnaire developed by Chelladurai and Salelh(1978) and standardized in Korean language by Kim(1989) and for the data of instructing effectiveness questionnaire developed by Duda and Nicholls(1989) and standardized in Korean language by Sung(1995) were used. And another ones perceived coaching satisfaction Questionnaire developed by William and Hacker(1982) and standardized in Korean language by Lee(1992) were used. The statistical methods utilized in this study for analyzing the collected data were reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, ANOVA and standard multiple regression analysis. From the analysis of the data, the conclusions of the study were obtained as follows: First, coaching style of golf instructors and perceived teaching effectiveness are partly different along with the socio-demographic characteristics. Second, coaching style of golf instructors influence on the perceived teaching effectiveness.

Key Words

coaching style, perceived teaching effectiveness

이근모LeeKeun-Mo , 김찬룡KimChan-Ryong , 이재형LeeJae-Hyung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental data, by finding the relation between leisure activity's type and satisfaction and attitude of leisure activity in youth. The target populations of this research were in middle and high school, male and female students in Pusan. Among them two hundred forty-nine were middle school students, two hundred thirty-nine were non-vocational high school students and two hundred eighty-four were vocational high school students. This study used SPSS Program and implemented x², one-way ANOVA and Duncan test as post-hock. The result of this study was as follows: 1. With respect to the satisfaction to leisure according to the type of leisure activity, sports participants as a leisure activity were higher than other participants. 2. With respect to the attitude to leisure according to the type of leisure activity, sports participants as a leisure activity were better than other participants.

Key Words

leisure, satisfaction, attitude

조성식ChoSeong-Sik

DOI:

Abstract

This article takes the feminist standpoint regarding women in sport, with which sport as a site for gender inequality has changed toward a site for gender equality and women's liberation. It reviews and critically analyses the phenomenon of gender inequality in sport. In spite of the increase of women's participation in sport, women's advance to higher hierarchy in sport organizations has been limited: only few sporting women are involved in higher power relations in sport. With the symbolic definition of sports coinciding with masculneness and manliness, the essences of sports have been distorted for man and against women: the image of sporting women is portrayed as 'de-athleticization' or 'non-sporting' rather than 'sporting' itself. To overcome gender inequality in sport, two constructive feminist alternatives to sport are suggested. One is for many sporting women to advance to the leadership positions in sport such as coaches, board members, and leaders with strong job qualification and rational feminist consciousness. The other is to emphasize 'performing more beautiful' as the most important essence of sport, considering that the application of power and speed highly depends upon the more beautifully harmonizing and balancing of body parts. The article prospects the social change toward gender equality through the structural and cultural changes of sport because sport can be an important social agent.

Key Words

gender (in)equality, power relations, symbolic definition of sports

유진YooJin , 염계화YeomGye-Hwa

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the mental health profile^1) in female dancers. It was hypothesized that there would be significant differences in mood states as functions of dance level(professional and college) and dance major(Korean, Ballet, Modern). The mood states were separately analyzed in everyday life and dance activity situation. Three hundred two female college and professional dancers majoring in Korean, Ballet, Modern dance completed the Profile of Mood State(POMS). The POMS included six mood states: tension, anger, depression, vigor, confusion, fatigue. The results of multivariate statistical procedures exhibited that there were no significant differences in POMS among Korean, Ballet, and Modern dancers. Professional dancers reported more positive POMS than college dancers during dance activities. However, Professional dancers exhibited more negative POMS than college dancers during everyday life. These results were discussed with various psycho-social perspectives and interpreted based on the assumption that excessive physical activities might play a central role in mental health.

Key Words

mental health

정봉해ChungBong-Hea

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze of coordination patterns of jump according to the jump styles and the jump height. Ten highschool students were selected as subjects for this study. The performance of all the subjects were videotaped. The recorded images were digitized with KWON3D Motion Analysis Package. All the subjects were required to perform jump only once on the box(50㎝, 70㎝) according to jump styles(2-foot, R-foot, L-foot). After collecting the data, the selected kinematical variables were computed in relation to the jump styles and the jump height. Data was analyzed through two way ANOVAs and cross-correlation was analyzed for the comparison of covariation between the joints. Analyses of data revealed that there was no difference in the coordination patterns according to the jump styles and the jump height. It was concluded that there were no empirical evidence about mutual constraints between organism and task.

Key Words

coordination, constraints, jump styles

조규청ChoKyu-Chung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different task presentation timing on students' skill learning of dance sport natural turn performances. The subjects used for this study were 80 students who enrolled for C.A. in high school. The task presentation timings were three different conditions. Students performed dance sport turns 20 times after received information from the videotaped teacher's presentation. The results of the study indicated that this investigation both supported and extend previous modeling research that suggests that the impact of modeling on motor performance and learning is influenced by the timing of the task presentation. The study concluded that providing two times of task presentation during practice was a valid method when students were unsure about the nature of skill and performance.

Key Words

dance sport, task presentation timing, motor learning

김승재KimSeung-Jae , 오수일OhSu-Il , 김세환KimShe-Whan

DOI:

Abstract

The purposes of this study were to inquire the purpose of 10 qualitative research in two of the most noted journals in the field of sport pedagogy and to inquire the research techniques most frequently used in research works published in these two journals. The two journals being surveyed were Korean Journal of Sport Pedagogy and Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. These two journals were chosen, because they were highly respected by sport pedagogy researchers. Qualitative research on sport pedagogy had a very wide diversity of the purposes, but it had similar characteristics in which the main purposes were to understand the nature of the participants and/or to describe the perspective of the participants. All qualitative researches had applied various techniques to the data collection process. The qualitative data collection techniques described included field note, journal writing, interview(formal and informal), and document analysis. Also all qualitative researches had applied various techniques to the data analysis. The techniques were case study, deductive analysis, cross case study, and constant comparison technique. All qualitative researches tried to enhance validity and reliability by utilizing various techniques such as triangulation, member check, and peer-debriefing.

Key Words

qualitative research, research method

김영삼KimYoung-sam , 김승재KimSeung-Jae , 김세환Kimshe-Whan

DOI:

Abstract

The Study was executed so as to investigate effect of the Vaulting Box's color on learner's visual image and learning achievement as target of 180 children who are forth, fifth and sixth year class at the 'D' elementary school located in 'P' district, Kangwon province. A straddle vault was experimented on condition of changing vaulting box's colors such as red, black, white and existing wood color, and those results were finally as belows. 1) Learner's visual image toward vaulting box's color was significantly differentiated according to the colors, and such difference was shown as well according to gender and grade distinction. 2) Learner's visual image toward vaulting box's color was not significantly differentiated among different gender groups, meanwhile it was differentiated between sixth year class and forth year class reacting upon only white color in view of different grades. 3) Learner's motor sense toward the vaulting box's color was differentiated by respective colors, moreover such difference was shown among different gender groups and grades. 4) Learner's motor sensation toward the vaulting box's each colors was differentiated by gender groups according to black, red and white vaulting box. Furthermore the difference was shown between sixth year class and forth year class reacting upon only wood color in view of grades distinction. 5) Learner's Children's motor performance results toward the vaulting box's each colors was differentiated by color distinction. While on the other, there was no difference between gender groups distinction, in addition some difference was shown by only fifth year class considering different grades. 6) Children's learning achievement results toward the vaulting box's color was not differentiated among respective gender groups and grades. As abovementioned, visual image and motor sensation which elementary students feel upon was differentiated according to respective colors of vaulting box, besides learning achievement results accompanied by these was differentiated as well according to each colors.

Key Words

visual image, vaulting box's colors

손천택SonCheon-Taik , 강신복KangShin-Bok , Patt Dodds

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to phenomenologically analyze the quality of physical education teacher education program in Korea from the perspective of pre-service teachers who are direct recipients of the PETE program. More specifically, the purpose of this study is to deeply understand how pre-service teachers accept their experience of physical education teacher education programs, how teacher educators design and implement curricular for pre-service teachers and how in-service teachers recognize their PETE programs in retrospect. To achieve the proposed research questions, 15 participants from three competitive universities of physical education teacher education program were purposely selected. From each university 5 participants are selected, 1 sport pedagogist, 1 sub-discipline researcher, 2 pre-service teacher and 1 in-service teacher recently graduated from the selected university. Data are being collected through three stages of phenomenological in-depth interview. Collected data are analyzed through two procedures suggested by Seidman(1983): one is to categorize important content and the other is to make out personal profile for each participant. On the basis of analyzing and discussing the collected data, five conclusions are drawn: First, pre-service teachers decide to enter PETE program on the basis of positive attitude toward physical education, scholastic ability and possibility of admission without deeply considering aptitude toward teaching profession, self-sacrificing attitude toward students: Second, physical education teacher educators are not conductive to establishing vocational identity or improving speciality: Third PETE programs are composed of physical education teacher educators are not developing teaching methods of physical education in pre-service teachers: Fifth, student practice is not conducted effectively because of institutional problems and indifference of universities and secondary schools.

Key Words

physical education teacher education

유진YooJin , 정우영ChungWoo-Young

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze for sequential behavior^1) teaching in physical education through computer coding system. Physical education pre-service teachers(male:2, female:2) from junior high schools were selected as samples for this studies, and they were participating in the teaching practice session during three weeks (excluding additional one week of visiting class study). The observed classes were the ball games(basketball, handball), and field and track(running, long jump). Physical education pre-service teachers' behaviors were analyzed with the miniature video-cam and computer soft programs(BEST)^2) developed by Sharpe and Koperwas(2001). The resources of the physical education pre-service teachers' behaviors were analyzed with frequency and intensity(duration time) and the results were as following. The instructional behavioral variable factors of physical education pre-service teachers relating to teaching in class showed as guidance, observation, participation, explanation/example, and feedback systematically. On the other hand, the factors relating to non-teaching activities showed behavior controlling, free period, management, negligence, punishment as followed order. In addition, the male physical education pre-service teachers appeared higher variability than those of females physical education pre-service teachers in the aspects of guidance, participation, explanation/examples. In terms of non-teaching activities, the males physical education pre-service teachers were showed more particular behavioral characteristics than females physical education pre-service teachers in the aspects of behavior controlling and free period.

Key Words

sequential behavior, computer soft program

김준한KimJoon-Han , 여인성YeaIn-Sung

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to improve the Korean Professional Baseball and bring solutions to some of the problems that it faces in its development. For this study two employees each representing KBO, Team Club, and Korean Professional Baseball Players Association are selected to practice in-depth interviews and collect answers of unstructured questionnaries regarding current problems. 1) Free Agent System over-restricts the qualification of FA, therefore leagues with a FA players get too much pressure. therefore, if the range, in terms of the players and Reserve System, becomes more flexible then FA system will be more active. 2) The Trade System violates the rights of the players freedom to choose his or her profession. Therefore the system must be changed so that players can deny the trade by regulating the year elapsed. 3) The Korean Athelets Committee and the government organization need to arrange environments to train professional agents to settle the Agent System. Also The committee and the government organization need to set requirements to certified agents and review the idea of issuing licenses to settle professional agent system. 4) New players were not able to sign contracts with other team clubs without the approval of the players league due to the Draft System. On the other hand, high school players get to choose their own team prior to their entrance to professional league. Adoption of japans reverse nomination system, which allows new players to choose their team club, may solve the problems between the league and players. 5) The leagues should first support amateur baseball, expand stadiums for the audiences, and expand the investment of professional baseballs infra-structure rather than concentrating on scouting expensive foreign players and worrying about current status.

Key Words

development strategies of korean professional baseball

김혁출KimHyeok-Chul , 손두옥SonDoo-Ok

DOI:

Abstract

This study has a firm purpose which examines into the facts on the scene application as gymnastic activity of company in induced reduction physical stress and interference with a person's job. Also, the gymnastic activity of company, on the basis of the existing study research, that contributed greatly to increase of satisfaction of person's job and productivity through experiment study. In order to attain this purpose, "K enterprise"(as initial letter) which owns four plants in Incheon, Osan, Daegu, Busan divided the 1,116 employees of production parts into two groups, experimentation group(551 employees) & control group(565 employees) and then in Incheon & Osan plants was setting up as a experimentation group operated aerobic activity program of working place 2 times a week during the 3 months. Question sheet & field survey as the measuring instrument operated two methods at the same time to examine have effects on satisfaction of person's job and advancement of productivity. In the field of society survey, investigated about preference rates of gymnastic activity program of working place & absorption, satisfaction of person's job. In the field of field survey, measured productivity included in the rates of aerobic participation. Analysis of the gathering datum operated using by "SPSS/PC PROGRAM" that Analysis of covariance, Multiple classification Analysis, Regression Analysis. As a result of analysing effect of gymnastic activity at one's place of work upon job satisfaction and productivity. for the purpose of identifying its effect on improving level of job satisfaction and productivity the following conclusion can be obtained: First, gymnastic activity as one's place of work showed as improving level of specific job satisfaction of employees, inner motivation for work, conncentration to job, self-appraisal, job satisfaction and achievement Average of level of specific satisfaction of emplyoees (M=4.55), inner job motivation (M=4.75), job concentration (M=5.29), self-appraisal and achievement before the processing of experiment showed increase after such processing with respective figures being 4.58, 4.86, 5.31 and 4.80 while control group showed decrease. Second it was revealed that gymnastic activity at one's place of work improves productivity. Productivity index of the experiment group showed higher level of increase in comparison with that of the control group(7.5705).

Key Words

job satisfaction, productivity, gymnastic activity of working place

김현나KimHyun-Na

DOI:

Abstract

The Purpose of this study was to make DanceSport(DS) educational and operational system. The first, objective was to find specific qualities of DS and evaluative criteria. The second objective was to decide the ranking of evaluative criteria. And the third objective was to subdivide the DS qualities and grasp the meaning of DS qualities. The results of this study were as follows: First, the qualities of DS were ①teacher, ②program, ③facilities, ④teaching materials, and ⑤participant. The evaluative criteria were ①efficiency, ②equality, ③autonomy, ④empathy, ⑤convenience, ⑥reliability, and the ⑦tangibles. Second, the evaluative criteria of DS were ranked ①efficiency, ②reliability, ③equality, ④autonomy, ⑤empathy, ⑥convenience, and the ⑦tangibles. Third, the rank of DS quality was ①teacher, ②DS program, ③participants, ④teaching materials, and the ⑤facilities. Forth, qualities of DS are explained like this in details. 1. The most important quality of teacher is 'personality and culture' and 'teaching method' than 'techniques and knowledges'. So kinds of teaching skills and leadership curriculum was added to DS program. 2. The context of DS has to be standardized systematically. DS curriculum must be classified like student teacher, associate, licentiate, and fellow course. Therefore preceding and follow-up steps must to be taught as well as steps. So everyone can use DS as leisure activity in any place and with anyone. 3. The Viewpoint of participants must be taken into account in decision making process in management. They have the right to state their opinions about DS programs. The programs needs to be planned and executed based on the choice of the participants. 4. The conditions and regulation of facilities have to be met. Because DS is applied to special aptitude program of elementary school students and will be applied to physical education of middle or high school. Since younger students may be objects of DS education, system requirements by law to be established in order to provide more pleasant and educational facilities.

Key Words

dancesport, qulity, evaluative criteri

윤여탁YoonYeo-Tak

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Abstract

The impact of Socio-demographic Characteristics and Leisure Patterns on Life Satisfaction among Instructors of Sport Centers in Korea. Despite a substantial amount of leisure and sport research, little is known about the leisure activity patterns and socio-demographic characteristics and their influence on life satisfaction of instructors of sport centers in Korea. The primary purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between leisure activity patterns and perceived life satisfaction. Data were collected from instructors (both part-time and full-time) employed by recreational sport centers by using convenience sampling technique. To analyze the data SPSS 10.0 was used for chi-square test, t-test, and ANCOVA. Respondents who participates in active physical leisure activities had higher perceived life satisfaction than their counterparts. Findings indicated that socio-demographic variables are significantly related to the level of life satisfaction of the respondents.

Key Words

life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, instructors of sport centers

이우진LeeWoo-Jin , 이철원LeeChul-Won , 장경로ChangKyung-Ro

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect factors of participation pattern on leisure satisfaction of resort hotel users. The subjects of this study were 300 salary people who experienced to use resort hotel and lived in Seoul. The method of data collection was convenience sampling method. Total 300 questionnaires were collected and 241 questionnaires were used. The followings were results of the study: Firstly, there were statistically significant differences in the use purpose according to mean of salary a month. There were statistically significant differences in use frequency according to mean of salary a month. There were statistically significant differences in re-purchasing intention according to the marriage. Secondly, there were statistically significant differences in physical and mental satisfaction, and educational satisfaction according to gender on analysis of leisure satisfaction according to participation patterns. There were statistically significant differences in physical and mental satisfaction, social satisfaction, educational satisfaction according to the preference institution. There were statistically significant differences in physical and mental satisfaction according to the use purpose. There were statistically significant differences in physical and mental satisfaction, social satisfaction, environmental satisfaction, and rest satisfaction according to the frequency. And, there were statistically significant differences in physical and mental satisfaction, social satisfaction, environmental satisfaction, and rest satisfaction according to re-purchasing intention. Lastly, the preference institution, the frequency and re-purchasing intention had statistically significant effects on physical and mental satisfaction by multiple regression analysis in the effect of participation pattern on leisure satisfaction. Also, the use frequency and re-purchasing intention had statistically significant effects on social satisfaction. The frequency had statistically significant effect on the environmental satisfaction and rest satisfaction. And, the re-purchasing intention had statistically significant effect on the educational satisfaction.

Key Words

leisure satisfaction, resort hotel, leisure service

이재형LeeJae-Hyung

DOI:

Abstract

It analyzes the effect where the participation motive of the participants who enjoy leisure sports Tourist goes mad to a consuming culture and is the place objective which presents the study for trade name complement data of leisure sports and sightseeing and the research which it sees joins to the same taste sliced raw fish of corresponding item with the golf participants and the skis participants of 20 overs and it is active, 733 people which participate periodically analyzes the effect where the participation motive of the leisure sports tourist goes mad to a consuming culture in the object result with base, with afterwords escape it did a same conclusion. First, the effect where the participation motive of the leisure sprots tourist goes mad to medium consuming self realization motive and the effect where only the assigned / sociable motive considers to medium consuming statistically appeared with the fact that it goes mad. Second, the effect where the participation motive of the leisure sport tourist goes mad to an equipment purchase self realization motive and diversion motive and indication / the effect where the beautiful pursuit motive considers to an equipment purchase statistically appeared with the fact that it goes mad. Third, the effect where the participation motive of the leisure sports tourist goes mad to medium information self realization motive and indication / the effect where the beautiful pursuit motive and diversion motive consider to medium information statistically appeared with the fact that it goes mad. fourth, the effect where the participation motive of the leisure sports tourist goes mad to goods purchase self realization motive and indication / the effect where the beautiful pursuit motive and diversion motive consider to goods purchase appeared with the fact that it goes mad. fifth, the effect where the participation motive of the leisure sports tourist goes mad to a leisure participation indication / beautiful pursuit motive and diversion motive, the effect where the assigned / sociable motive considers to a leisure participation appeared with the fact that it goes mad.

Key Words

participation motive, consuming culture, leisure sports tourist

전태준ChonTae-Jun , 이철원LeeChul-Won

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to figure out leisure constraint and life satisfaction according to demographic variables of urban female workers and consequently, to aim at active involvement in leisure activity and improvement of quality of life by understanding differences and influence of life satisfaction according to leisure constraint factors. Subjects of this study were 277 female workers in urban area. The reasearch method used in this study was questionnaire which measured the demographic variables, leisure constraints, and life satisfaction. Based on the procedures and results, the following conclusions were warranted: First, there were statistically significant differences in structual constraints according to age and length of employment in results of analyzing leisure constraints according to demographic variables. Also, there were statistically significant differences in intrapersonal constraints according to academic career, length of employment, and marital status and there were statistically significant differences in interpersonal constraints according to academic career. Second, there were statistically significant differences in life satisfaction according to age, academic career, and marital status in results of analyzing life satisfaction according to demographic variables. There were no other differences according to length of employment. Third, the subjects could be divided into 3 clusters, which are named "social-constraint", "personal-constraint", and "low-constraint" based on their leisure constraint factor scores. Cluster patterns had statistically significant effect on life satisfaction in the result of one-way ANOVA and "social-constraint" cluster had higher level of life satisfaction than "personal-constraint" cluster in the result of Scheffe post-hoc. Also, structual constraint and interpersonal constraint had statistacally significant effect on life satisfaction in regression analysis results of the effect of leisure constraints on life satisfaction.

Key Words

leisure constraint, life satisfaction, urban

정희석JeongHee-Surk , 이충원LeeChoon-Hun

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between the leisure activities of the military personnel in the Korean Navy and the duty stress of them. The subjects are present on duty military personnel in the navy and they are selected by the stratified random sampling. Among 950 subjects, 933 responded the questionnaire. The number of 913 subjects are finally accepted as insincere or insufficient questionnaire are eliminated among 933. Data have been processed by SPSS and especially the frequencies, χ²test, the multivariate analysis of variance, Turkey analysis are used as tools for this study. After the procedures, through the methods and analysis, the results are followed by: First, after the analysis of the differences between the leisure time and the leisure activities according to the personal characteristics of navy personnel, the leisure time by the duty area and the rank as well the leisure activities the duty area, and the rank have the significant differences statistically. Also, after the analysis of the leisure hindrance factors by the duty area, have the significant differences statistically. Second, after the analysis of the differences among the duty stress according to the personal characteristics of navy personnel, duty stress by the rank have the significant difference statistically in the anxiety factor. And the duty stress by the duty area have the significant difference statistically in the anxiety factor and the incompetence factor. Third, after the analysis of the differences of the duty stress of the navy personnel, the differences of the duty stress by the weekday leisure time and the leisure costs have the significant effect statistically on the incompetence factor.

Key Words

leisure activities, duty stress

최성훈ChoiSung-Hun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explain and predict the ski and snowboard activity of university students. In early studies about ski and snowboard activity participants less work have been done about factors like attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior control, group confirmity pressure, and face saving. Behavior is one of the most important factor in leisure studies, it is a unchangeable mental state about a activity or thing, and it is a major factor which determines enduring participation in a leisure activity. Subjective norm, perceived behavior control, also works as determining factor for enduring participation for a leisure activity. For Korea being a confucianism based country, group confirmity pressure and face saving could be one of the important factor for the enduring participation for a leisure activity. Factors influencing the enduring participation of a leisure activity are fundamental notions for TRA, TPB, and MTCRA, with the ski and snowboard activity participants participating event and sex, each model's difference and relations between factors could be examined. Thus it was possible to explain and predict the ski and snowboard participants participation of the activity. TPB, which had participating experience included, was the most explainable and predictable model(R²=.498) for ski and snowboard participants participation. For event and sex other model could be applied. The most influenceable factor in ski and snowboard participation was attitude toward ski and snowboard activity. group confirmity pressure and face saving could not explain or predict the university students ski and snowboard participation. But ski and snowboard participated experience influence attitude, subjective norm, peceived behavior control, and participating intension.

Key Words

TRA, TPB, MICRA

홍석표HongSeok-Pyo , 조송현ChoSong-Hyeon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between attitude and involvement in internet leisure activity based on a cross-cultural approach. In detail, this study examined the difference of the relationship of attitude and involvement between Korea and United State. To achieve the purpose of this study, 342 of students in an university located in Seoul, Korea and 312 of students in an university located in eastern United State were sampled. An attitude scale developed by Ajzen and Maddens(1986) was used to measure general attitude toward internet use for leisure activity. The degree of involvement in ones favorite internet leisure activity was measured by using the Consumer Involvement Profile(CIP) developed by Dimanche, Havitz, and Howard(1991). The results of this study suggested that there were significant of differences between leisure consumers of two countries in terms of the number of sub-domains in involvement, and the degree of relationship between attitude and involvement. In detail, sign value, risk consequence, and risk probability were not significant indicators for involvement in Korean students. However, only risk consequence, and risk probability were not significant indicators for American. The effect of attitude on involvement for Korean was much stronger than its for American.

Key Words

attitude, involvement, leisure activity

권혁동KwonHyeg-Dong

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to grasp the present situation of the financial management of Busan Metropolitan City Sports Association to foster the elite physical education in 2001, that is, the propriety of financial security amounts, the rightness of financial security by delivery systems, and the propriety of local government's supporting money. As study method the present financial situation of sports associations of Chungcheong Nam Do, Seoul Metropolitan Government, and Kyeonggi Do-which were the best city or provinces at the national athletic meeting-were compared and analyzed by the standard of Busan Metropolitan City Sports Association's present financial situation, the composition ratio by delivery systems, and subsidies. Statistics was made by percentage. The conclusions of this study by the above procedure were as follows: 1. The present situation of financial security. At the aspect of total financial security Busan appeared to have less than chungnam(45.54%), Seoul(29.09%), and Kyeonggi(41.45%). This proved the hypothesis that the financial situation of Busan would be very poor. 2. The present situation of financial distribution by delivery systems. At the composition ratio against total amounts by delivery systems Busan was shown to have a very low composition ratio at the local government's subsidies which were main delivery system against comparison city or provinces. This proved the hypothesis that there would be problems in the delivery systems. 3. The present situation of subsidies of local government. The subsidy for each player by Busan metropolitan City was shown to be very short, but to be not very short by the standard of the total financial amounts and population of the local government. This partly proved the hypothesis that the subsidies of Busan Metropolitan City would be short.

Key Words

financial management busan metropolitan, elite physical education

김용만KimYong-Man , 서희정SeoHee-Jung , 정희선JungHee-Sun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify how to arrive at the purchase intention, while designating sports sponsorship, used as a communications tool for a company, and the expected effect of Mecenat as the independent variables of corporate communications and corporate image, and setting the attitude toward product as a parameter variable. After verifying the GFI(Goodness of Fit Index) of the model, through theoretical hypotheses, the relationship between individual variables was verified, 510 university students, who were considered to be more familiar with the questionnaire items, were sampled through the convenient sampling method. With the effective samples of 486 out of 510, the SEM(Structural Equation Model) analysis was performed, using the statistical package AMOS 4.0. the results proved the appropriateness of the research model of sports sponsorship and Mecenat. After verifying each hypothesis, the results are as below. First, the value of corporate conmunications that sports sponsorship has didn't influence the attitude toward product of a sponsor, while the communications value of mecenat affected the attitude toward product of the company. Second, the value of corporate image of sports sponsorship and Mecenat were found to influence a sponsor and the attitude toward product of the company in Mecenat. Third, sports sponsorship and the attitude toward product of a company participating in Mecenat were analyzed to have an impact on the purchase intention. Fourth, the value of corporate image of sport sponsorship and Mecenat company were proven not to affect the purchase intention.

Key Words

sponsorship, Mecenat, attitude toward product, corporate image, purchase intentionKey words

김인재KimIn-Jae , 조한범ChoHan-Beom

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the consuming patterns that influences the consumer types and to develop the demand analysis of professional baseball applied by gravity model. The detail purpose of this study is as follows. First, examine the consuming patterns of the spectator in professional baseball to establish marketing strategy and market segmentation. Second, inspect the spectator behavior for market segmentation in professional baseball. Third, seek out the factors that influence the consumer types and develop the predictable model for consumer patterns. Fourth, discover the suitability of the predictable model that analysed by gravity model which is representative in analysing interaction. The sample is of this study was collected from Seoul Jamsil baseball stadium that is home ground for both LG Twins and Doosan Bears professional baseball team. Collecting data period was from August to September in 2002. Total 2,664 spectators responded home games in Jamsil baseball stadium. Methodologically, the respondents participated to answering the questionnaires through convenient quota sampling. The total 3,000 questionnaires were sending to the respondents. However, the final proceeding shows 88 percent of the questionnaires. In order to analyse the consuming patterns of spectators, the study applied previous researches such as Wakefield and Sloan(1995). Hansen and Guthier(1989), Jeffrey(1997), Green(1995), Hong-Soul Kim(1999). They developed theories on measuring factors for consumer behaviors as the sports fans. Moreover, Hae-Jin Seo(2001) focused on the analysis of consumer behaviors related to sports fans. Therefore, this study is to adapt both disquisitions. The questionnaire for this study designed to an orderly and systematic manner to extract the required information in a sequential order from four main items to divide into fifteen specific factors based on varimax method. Also, three professional for in the area of sport management, four postgraduate students and two LG Twins baseball internet supporters were participated to analyse the content validity for questionnaire. Finally, four main factors was divided into fifteen subordinate factors. The data proceeding was used by two statistics packages of that SPSS/PC version 10.07 for Windows to test factor analysis, reliability analysis, multiple regression analysis. The level of significance of all hypothesis tests was α=0.5. This study reached the following conclusions. The results applied by gravity model predict the spectator demand indicated that the rate of cars possessed in each area and the spending time to stadium are significant variables to suggesting gravity model. That is, the rate of cars possessed is a positive factor, but the spending time to stadium is a restrictive factor. The suitability of gravity in this study shows through hypothesis test and graph. The prediction rate consisted of positive factors and restrictive factor is 77.7 percent. The formula of the predicting model for consuming patterns of professional baseball spectators by gravity model is the following figure. T = 122.578+1.259(car possessed)-2.817(spendi)

Key Words

professional baseball, gravity model

김형주KimHyung-Joo , 임태성LimTae-Sung , 이용식LeeYong-Sik

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to help government and investment company to make decision efficiently in limited resource by ordering the investment with their relative importances. To do this we made a 3 steps preparing a draft for settling down investment factors and making a decision the priority order investment. 3 steps composed review of literature and conference with specialists, analysis of investment element and sub-element by Delphi method, decision of sport industry investment priority by AHP method. Results of this study were follow. First, this is made up with 4 investment factors, 10 subordinate factors and 42 investment items. Second, By AHP method, we could get results that sport industry investment priority are sport industry infra structure(0.2923), the enlargement of market and attracting the capital(0.2493), the improvement of marketing(0.2336), information & technology development(0.2249) in order. Third, investment priority between 10 subordinate factors of each 4 investment factors was decided by AHP method. In sport industry infrastructure, it was revealed that maintenance of law and system for resources is important in order to sport industry development. In the enlargement of market and attracting the capital part, it was showed that sport tourism development and opening of big sport event is important in order to sport industry development. In the improvement of marketing part, it was reveals that training system development of sport industry experts and improvement of management circumstances is important in order to sport industry development. For Information & Technology development, it was revealed that sport industry support network, improvement the capability of sport related industry research center, the National certification agency and establishment of certification system is important in order to sport industry development.

Key Words

sport industry, investment company, sport industry investment priority

박봉률ParkBong-Yul , 조쟁규ChoJaeng-Kyu

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to research strategies for activating Bu-gok spa based on the Sports Marketing. The results of this study are as follows: (1) Bu-gok spa must strengthen the competitiveness as a sports training camp. (2) It must establish the new marketing strategies using the spa. (3) It must develop new souvenirs and offer better services for athletes who participate in the training. (4) It must build local network for cooperation with its community. The introduction of the Sports Marketing is a important step for local economic growth. Therefore, the tourist industry should be systematically related with the Sports Marketing and community should make continuous efforts to seek for various ways to activate the tourist industry in Bu-gok spa.

Key Words

software competitive power, tourism service

이성민LeeSung-Min , 조용찬ChoYong-Chan

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of ths study research was to establish the standards to evaluate Korean Professional Baseball clubs' relative value through the research of brand image index and to present the necessary materials of evaluating values of the whole league and other baseball clubs. The targer baseball club of this research was total of 1870 people in 7 different cities' people of 8 professional baseball clubs and they were surveyed about affecting of Korean Professional Baseball Clubs which were divided into 5 items. Five items used in value's evaluation divided by 'Game Inspection', "Stadium Service Satisfaction', "Goods Quality Satisfaction' and 'Consumption Expenditure Inclination'. The result of this research about brand image index evaluated methods by granting 20% weights each for 5 items was as following. First of all, the relative value of Professional Baseball was available quantification. Relative value of classified by Professional Baseball Clubs' could do quantification by brand image index which this research defined. Secondly, brand image index was not influenced in team results, 'club service', 'average spectator' and 'once average spectator per victory'. This research just deduced basic result called relative value of Professional Baseball Club. However, following research would be achieved specific valuation. If specific estimation would be shown to the club's CEO through the research that was achieved to be systematic and was depth, domestic sports industry could be revitalized might be advance.

Key Words

brand value, brand image index, club relative value

이정학LeeJeoung-Hak , 김용규KimYong-Kyu

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to present management strategies orientation the motor boat racing industry through SWOT surrounding analysis. The research methods for this study used to literature review and expert interview related to motor boat industry, sport management and marketing field on university. The survey of expert interview was collected 90 experts opinion. To achieve the management strategy of motor boat racing industry through SWOT analysis, was analyses to Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat factor. The result of this study presented that the management strategy of motor boat racing industry through SWOT surrounding analysis include the following, First, management strategy based on public benefit and profitability. Second, settlement clarity of management. Third, distinction of facility and program. Fourth, recruitment to professional human resources. Fifth, enlargement to publicity and marketing strategy. Sixth, connection with other industry. Finally, it to set up as a 21th leisure sports of public industry which have to be accompanied with passion and leadership, moral and ethical of management mind for motor boat racing industry.

Key Words

SWOT, management, strategy, motor boat racing industry

강혜련KangHea-Ryun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to develop a scale for measuring an ability of a dancer's body awareness. Dancer's Body Awareness Scale(DBAS) was developed through the two stages of psychometric procedures. First, the 74 items related dance-related awareness were selected after conducting the content analysis of body awareness and creativity (Kang, 2001). Next, the item analysis and the exploratoty factor analysis for 74 items were carried out by 230 dance students. The results suggest that the DBAS possesses adequate factorial validity useful to measure dance activity for Korean dancers.

Key Words

body awareness, body movement

김운미KimUn-Mi

DOI:

Abstract

This study attempted to make a comparative analysis of the realities of dance education in the 1970s when South Korea and North Korea sought to construct their independent political system in a different framework of capitalism and socialism. First, in case of South Korea, education was provided for people based on the ideology of The National Charter of Education in an attempt to adopt strong nationalism as the prime mover for national integration under the regime of Revitalizing Reform that proclaimed Korean-type development dictatorship. On the other hand, North Korea adopted the theme for education of socialism as the comprehensive guidebook to construct the hereditary regime handed down from Kim Il-sung to his son Kim Jung-il. Second, South Korea came to foster the climate for inciting the revival of national culture in the cultural and artistic but the rapid development of economy and the mass-production of wee-educated people facilitated the regime of Revitalizing Reform to collapse paradoxically. On the other hand, North Korea defined the cultural and artistic field as one of the means for strong and instigation to promote the learning of Chuche(identity) ideology and carried it into practice, thereby contributing to the completion of Kim Jung-il's hereditary regime. Third, the active presentation of creative dance based on dance education in Korea reestablished dance as composite arts through large-scale performance as the center of the dance world moved from the department of dance in college to the group of professors. But North Korea was faithful to themes while taking the form of prop for popularization and living because the artistry of all works was evaluated in accordance with the practice of the contents directed by Kim Il-sung and Kim Jung-il. Fourth, dance education showed the speciality mentioned in relation to creative dance as well as folk dance in the contents of instruction based on the Third Curriculum revised in 1973. It not only limited the object of education to female students but the introduction of the 'physical strength measurement system' made dance education further dwindle. On the other hand, dance education was provided only for female students as one unit of physical education in advanced middle school in North Korea and its content was composed only of artistic dance(rhythm gymnastics) and sports dance. But it can be found that its educational effect was greater than that of South Korea because of the policy of the party and its accompanying thorough practice for making all subjects available to all people.

Key Words

dance, education

김혜정KimHye-Jeong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out how much general dance experience in higher education influences on dance participation of university students and to investigate factors related to dance experience and dance participation. Research hypotheses and casual model were designed, based on the previous studies and theories. Personal traits, significant others were set as background variables, general dance experience in higher education as independent variables, dance attitude and dance intervene as intervene variables, and dance participation as a dependent variable. The subjects were 800(dance experience 338, non experience 462) college students for all located in Seoul, Kyungki, Chungnam province by purposive sampling method. Data were collected by using the questionnaire whose validity and reliability were tested. ANCOVA, multiple regression analysis and path analysis method were also used in order to test the hypotheses. Each hypothesis was tested at the signigicant level of .05. On the basis of the results, the conclusions were drawn as followings: 1. Duration and frequency of dance experience were positively influenced by interesting and satisfaction about dance. 2. Dance experience were positively influenced by dance intervene. 3. The more dance experience, the higher behavior participation. 4. The higher interesting and satisfaction about dance, the higher cognitive participation. 5. The higher time and effort for dance, the higher behavior, cognitive and affective participation. 6. There were significant causal relationships among general dance experience in higher education, extent of dance intervene, and dance participation of college students.

Key Words

dance experience, dance participation, dance intervene

배수을BaeSu-Eul

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose this study is to survey the actual condition of dance performances in the Korean Culture & Tourism festivals, during 1996~2003. The analysis based on each purposes, organizing the programs, genre of stage performance, and events. As a results, there is a gap between resident of region and dance performance because of abstraction of dance performance. That is, normal resident are hard to accept dance language. If People who majoring in dance would be accept requests of various sections and classes, maybe they can easy to control audience.

Key Words

korean culture & tourism festivals, local festival, dance performance

정응근ChungEung-Keun , 이정연LeeJeong-Yeon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine the status of the body in dance art from a social perspective and how the body has been evidenced in human history. For the purpose, this researcher critically suggests from a feminist view that the body as such evidenced has been in fact socially constructed, providing a way to politics of culture. Discussions about the human body essentially include those about men and women and become involved with issues related to the structure of social power, resultantly making different interpretations. Feminism functions as a momentum for renewing thoughts to draw out such interpretations and provides positive insights to the core of the issues. Women's body having a socially poor position is one of central bases for recovering and developing women's rights. In relation, feminism is most reasonable to form cooperation with dance culture. Understanding dance should start from understanding social contexts in which dance was created and developed. There are inseparable relations between thoughts by society and artists. The twos are mutually related whether the latter represents or reflects the latter. Dance has been greatly developed as performance art, with dynamics based on gift-talented dancers' skills and unique choreography. For example, ballet works standing on the endurance of all pains, mental or physical, provide an extreme mysticism to the audience via ballerinas' body. 'Gender role changes' by dancers as one of recent approaches to 'distorting classics' is an attempt to create another body, raising questions about related fixed ideas and providing a discourse on the body. Thus this study reinterprets the significance of the body in dance considering relations between 'body and art'. And the study shows the importance of historical explorations about how the use of the body has been developed since the medieval age of Renaissance and how the body has been posted in the field of dance since the emergence of modernism. Furthermore, the study reevaluates relations between the body as a historical stuff and society from a feminist perspective. All these processes propose the possibility of using feminist strategies as cultural politics for the social practice of dance art.

Key Words

body, feminism, desire, semioticization of body, representation

김선호KimSun-Ho , 최석준ChoiSuck-Jun , 신철호ShinChul-Ho , 채정룡ChaeJeong-Ryong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism on physical fitness in response to combined training and detraining. The research population consisted of ninety students(male groups: II=15, ID=15, DD=15, female groups: II=15, ID=15, DD=15). Subjects participated in 12 weeks of combined training to five times per week for 40-50minutes and in 5 weeks of detraining. The results of this study were as following: 1. Muscular endurance was shown a case of increasing after 6 weeks all ACE genotype, but after 12 weeks, II and ID for female, only II for male have increased significantly. And, after 5 weeks of detraining only II had been decreased as significant different in both groups. Especially, DD genotype was lower significantly than both II and ID genotype at all the blood sampling time in female group. But, male group was significantly higher in II genotype than in DD genotype after 12 weeks of combined training. 2. Power was shown a case of increasing after 6 weeks all ACE genotype, but after 12 weeks only DD genotype had been increased as significant difference in both groups. And after 5 weeks of detraining only male group had been decreased as significant difference in DD genotype. Also, DD genotype was higher significantly than both II and ID genotype in both groups after 12 weeks. 3. Balance was shown a case of increasing after 6 weeks all ACE genotype in both groups, but there was significantly difference at 12 weeks in II genotype of female group. 4. Muscle strength(right), agility and flexibility were shown tendency of increasing and decreasing in all ACE genotype(II, ID, DD) both male and female groups after 6 weeks of training and 5 weeks of detraining in both groups, but there was no significant difference. These data suggest that physical fitness response to combined training and detraining may be affected by ACE genotype.

Key Words

combined training, detraining, physical fitness, ACE - gene polymorphism

김재호KimJae-Ho

DOI:

Abstract

We examined the influence of two different bouts of running exercise on the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in leukocytes(rats). Exercise was performed on a treadmill with the following modified protocols described by Ji(1993) and Armstrong(1984). Rat were run to 30min at 25m/min^-1and 0% grade(High Intensity) and 10 m/min^-1,0% grade(Low Intensity). iNOS mRNA levels were assessed by RT/PCR at rest, immediacy and recovery 5,15 min after HI and LI. Our investigations revealed an increase expression of iNOS at transcriptional and translational level in response to vigorous high intensity exercise. This reflects an inflammatory response and may contribute to an exercise-induced rise of endogenous nitric oxide production. It remains unclear if these effects serve an in-vivo immunoregulatory or cell-damaging role.

Key Words

NO, ROS, iNOS

문용각MoonYong-Gark , 김문희KimMun-Hee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 8week's combined exercise (isokinetic and low back stretching) on the improvement of functional strength and subjective pain degree in low back pain patients. The subjects were the chronic low back pain patients who have not had any operation and constrained the range of motion despite of their low lack pain. They were divided into two group (isokinetic exercise and low back stretching, low back stretching) for 8weeks. The result shows us that: 1. At the peak torque on 60˚/sec, 180˚/sec, isokinetic exercise and low back stretching group was higher than low back stretching group on flexion and extension 2. At the total work on 60˚/sec, isokinetic exercise and low back stretching group was higher than low back stretching group on flexion and extension. But, At the total work on 180˚/sec, low back stretching were higher than isokinetic exercise and low back stretching group on flexion and extension 3. At the mean average power on 60˚/sec, 180˚/sec, isokinetic exercise and low back stretching group was higher than low back stretching group on flexion and extension. 4. At the ratio of extension/flexion on 60˚/sec, 180˚/sec, there was statistically significant difference between flexion and extension. But, Isokinetic exercise and low back stretching group were higher than low back stretching group on flexion and extension 5. At the subjective pain degree, there was statistically significant difference on pain scale 1 and pain scale 6 (p<.05), but there was no difference on the rest. In summary, these data suggest that isokinetic exercise and low back stretching was improved the functional strength and subjective pain degree in low back pain patients.

Key Words

low back pain, low back stretching, isokinetic exercise

안재만AnJae-Man , 김찬회KimChon-hoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare changes in stress hormones and the influence on changes in blood constituents during Taekwondo sparring. Subjects were selected from two distinct groups: Group A of 5 TaeKwonDo performers who had won more than 3 times within 1 year in national tournaments and Group B of 5 performers who had never won in any national tournaments within a year, for a combined total of 10 participants with a range of age from 20 to 23 years of age. The levels of stress hormone constituents (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Cortisol) and blood constituents (Creatinine and Lactate) were measured at certain times: resting time(10 minutes), immediate time after 3 rounds of sparring(3 minutes for one round with 1 minute breaks between rounds) and recovery time(10 minutes). Then the measurements were compared and analyzed. One-way ANOVA were performed on each item to determine where the statistically significant differences existed and Turkey verification was used afterward. An independent t-test was used for appearing meaningful differences between the groups and the maximum alpha level for all statistical tests were set at p<.05.

Key Words

blood constituents, stress hormones

유영규YuYoung-Kyu , 신용석ShinYong-Seok , 김석희KimSeok-Hee , 이동욱LeeDong-Wook

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects in plyometric training according to loading types. Research subjects were 18 college students athletes who play basketball, volleyball. They were divided into three groups: two types of experimental groups and a control group. the changes of the thigh muscle' strength and vertical jump were compared and analyzed. Results found from such a comparative analysis study were as follows: 1) The change of thigh muscle's strength according to training periods. (1) The plyometric training group by a steady increase loading type. It appeared that in the effect of the total work in the quadriceps and hamstrings of high speed and low speed, the low speed load showed more improvement than the high speed load, but it isn't statistically a significant difference. And the effect of the total work according to training period showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). It appeared that in the effect of the average power in the quadriceps and hamstrings of high speed and low speed, the high speed load showed more improvement than the low speed load, but it isn't statistically a significant difference. And the effect of the average power according to training period showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). It appeared that in the effect of the peak torque in the quadriceps and hamstrings of high speed and low speed, the quadriceps high speed and the hamstrings low speed showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). And the effect of the peak torque according to training period showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). (2) The plyometric training group by a regular wave loading type. It appeared that in the effect of the total work in the quadriceps and hamstrings of high speed and low speed, the low speed load showed more improvement than the high speed load, but it isn't a statistically significant difference. And the effect of the total work according to training period showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). It appeared that in the effect of the average power in the quadriceps and hamstrings of high speed and low speed, the high speed load showed more improvement than the low speed load, but it isn't a statistically And the effect of the average power according to training period in the quadriceps of high speed and the hamstrings of low speed showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). It appeared that in the effect of the peak torque in the quadriceps and hamstrings of high speed and low speed, the quadriceps of high speed and the hamstrings of low speed showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). And the effect of the peak torque according to training period showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). 2) The change of vertical jump according to training periods. (1) The plyometric training group by a steady increase loading type. It appeared that in the effect of the vertical jump in the loading type and training period, showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). (2) The plyometric training group by a regular wave loading type. It appeared that in the effect of the vertical jump in the loading type and training period, showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05). 3) The change of three group according to training periods. (1) The thigh muscle's strength in changes among the group according to a training period. It appeared that in the effect of the total work in the hamstrings, the plyometric training group by a steady increase loading type showed more improvement than the plyometric training group by a regular wave loading type, no training group, but it isn't a statistically significant difference. It appeared that in the effect of the total work in the quadriceps, the plyometric training group by a regular wave loading type showed more improvement than the plyometric training group by a steady increase loading type, no training group, but it isn't

Key Words

plyometric training, steady increase loading, regular wave loading

임인수LimIn-Soo , 전우찬JeonWoo-Chan

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aquatic exercise on the changes of physical capacity, information processing ability, and blood lipid in stroke patients. The subjects were 8 male and 3 female of stroke patients who were participating in the aquatic training program during 10 month at K rehabilitation center. The treadmill exercise protocol test for this study was performed on Bruce protocol. Subjects reported to the laboratory on a morning following an overnight fast. No food, coffee, tobacco, alcohol, and exercise was allowed 12 h before experiment. Blood samples were taken from antecubital vein in rest. All data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures of SPSS. The results were as follows : The changes of physical function, simple reaction time, TG, TC, and LDL-C level on the effects of long-term aquatic training were significant difference between before and after training. Namely, physical capacity and reaction function in after training was significant increase than before training. In conclusion, the role of aquatic training program in the management for stroke patients has been shown to have numerous potential benefits including improvements in physical capacity, simple reaction capacity, and metabolic of blood lipid. Also, long-term aquatic training may protect against the development of incident stroke. This results suggested that effects of long-term aquatic training has associated with improve health as well as effect of the stroke. More effective and various aquatic training programs should be develop in the near future to be helpful to the stroke patients.

Key Words

aquatic training, stroke

천영일ChunYoung-I1 , 김광기KimKwang-Ki , 김건도KimGun-Do

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the changes of isometric lumbar extension strength between training group and non-training group in hernia-operated patients. Twenty-one subjects (9males and 12 females) in training group was tested 2 times for post-operation and following 4 week training late, Twenty-four< 11 males and 13 female > subjects in non-training was conducted twice per week for 4weeks and consisted of one set of 15~18 repetitions in variable resistance until volitional fatigue. Each test involved the measurement of maximum voluntary isometric torque at seven degrees <72˚,60˚,48˚,36˚,24˚,12˚,0˚> of lumbar flexion using the Medx lumbar extension machine. 1. There was significant improvement of lumbar extension strength at major degrees except 0˚, 12˚in training group of male but for non-training group of male, non significant level appeared at any degrees, especially rate of increase showed 25.84% at 0˚and around 20% at major degree in training group of male but for non-training group of male, rate of increase indicated around 10% at major degrees except 21.25% at 0˚. 2. There was significant improvement at all degrees in training group of female but for non-training group of female, non significant level appeared at major degrees except 0˚, 12˚&24˚, especially rate of increase was showed 78.00% at 0˚, 73.24% at 12˚and around 30~50% at other degrees in training group of female but for non-training group of female rate of increase indicated around 10% at major degrees except 40.81% at 0˚ 3. Lumbar extension strength in body weight ratio indicated similar result of N0 1, 2. Result showed significant improvement of lumbar extension strength in training group of female and differences between training group and non-training group in both male & female.

Key Words

lumbar extension strength, Hemia-operated patients, comparative study

홍관이HongKwan-Yi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was for researching the effect to AT of training patterns for canoe players. The subjects were 10 men who are over 16 years old, over 2 years career of canoe. They divided into 2 groups, 6 men of experimental group (The group were trained at AT-level like university players), and 4 men of control group (The group were training, the change of respiratory circulation variable at AT-point is 1) AT-HR and AT-%HRmax appeared significantly increase on Experimental group. 2) AT-VO₂ and AT-%VO₂max appeared significantly increase on Control group. 3) The exercise-lasting time at AT-point appeared significantly increase both groups. According to this conclusion, not telling the difference between the two groups means that generally canoe players trained over AT-level for improving the playing ability. But it's more effective to do scientific training by setting up exercise intensity for each player and it's also important for protecting player's ability.

Key Words

AT - level, respiratory circulation variable

조창모ChoChang-Mo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E & C supplementation on exercise performance and blood lipids in human. College aged male taekwondo players (n=8) and students (n=8) were participated in this study as subjects. They performed the graded treadmill test 3 times(before, after 3 weeks and 9weeks supplementation) with same prolocol. Second and third graded treadmill tests were stopped when the subjects reached the time to exertion of first treadmill test. Heart rates, blood lactate concentrations, oxygen consumption were measured at before, immediately after exercise, and resting phases. VO_2peak was estimated from the oxygen consumption measured during the graded treadmill test. Blood samples were collected from 16 subjects(before, immediately after, after 30min, and after 60min exercise) and then total cholesterol(T-C) and HDL-C were analysed from the samples. Heart rates didn't show any significant differences following supplementation periods in both groups. The blood lactate concentrations of student group decreased significantly following supplementation periods, but the blood lactate concentrations of taekwondo player group didn't. No statistically differences, while VO_2peak of taekwondo player group increased following supplementation periods, VO_2peak of student group showed the tendency of decrease. The concentrations of T-C and HDL-C didn't show any significant changes in both groups. In conclusion, the volume of vitamin E & C used in this study could be suggested the effective volume to improvement of exercise performance of student group, but taekwondo player group training for taekwondo competition could be needed more supplementation volume of vitamin E 7 C The volume of vitamin E & C used in this study wasn't effective on the positive changes of T-C and HDL-C. To determine this reason, further studies related to age, health condition and vitamin supplementation volume are needed.

Key Words

vitamin, exercise performance, blood lipids

김기형KimKy-Hyoung , 김진욱KimJin-Uk , 김성일KimSung-Il , 권순욱KwonSoon-Wook

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to estimate nine major muscle forces of lower extremity, which was conducted by optimization method, during counter-movement jump. For this purpose, five subjects who have not had any leg-related injury were selected and video motion picture method was used to obtain three joint moments which were ankle, knee and hip joint moments on sagittal, frontal and coronal plane, respectively. Calculated joint moments on sagittal plane then were distributed to each nine muscles. Object function used for calculation was to minimize muscle fatigue that was sum of squares of muscle stress. In order to validate the predicted muscle forces, measured IEMG of four muscles(TA, SO, ST, and RF) were utilized. Through the above procedures, following conclusions were made. The dominant muscles that affect the performance through total phase were RF, VA, GLM and So. The predicted muscle forces(Newton/Body Mass) were: mean 67.02, max. 79.42, min. 55.11 for RF, mean 46.39, max 63.75, min. 31.24 for VA, mean 39.26, max. 49.05, min. 27.60 for GLM, and mean 39.12, max. 46.23, min. 34.43 for SO. Based on these findings, specific analyses on functions of nine lower extremity muscles would be made.

Key Words

muscle force, optimization, vertical jump

김창환KimChang-Hwan , 박영준ParkYoung-Jun

DOI:

Abstract

This study is to identify the kinematic factors of the three phases of the national and the international elite men's triple jumpers and to help improve the official record of jump, the performance of the three phases, and the training method of the triple jump. Three-dimensional kinematic data was collected for the first place in men's triple jumper in the 81st National Sports Competition and four jumpers in the first four places at the 1985 TAC Championships and two jumps in the final of the men's triple jump at the 1996 Olympic Games. Four S-VHS video cameras were used to record the performance of athlete at a frame rate of 60㎐. The national competitor used a hop-dominated technique. The higher loss of horizontal velocity at takeoff of the step and the gain vertical velocity at takeoff of the jump were measured. In addition the high takeoff angles at takeoff of the step and the jump relative to world-class jumpers were also measured. The national athletes need to use a pawing or active landing prior to takeoff into the hop and step phase and a blocking landing prior to takeoff into the jump phase. Further studies are required on the optimum phase ratio and horizontal to vertical velocity conversion and the last three strides kinematic variables of the triple jump.

Key Words

kinematic, triple jump, hop-dominated, pawing or active, conversion

안완식AnWan-Sik

DOI:

Abstract

As basic research data, in order to use the findings from the analysis of the kinematic variables for the Healy movement on parallel bars, in improving athletic performances, the study was carried out to analyze three male gymnasts representing Korea. The results are as follows. 1. Although it is not possible to evaluate performances by the hour variable, it's found desirable to make conditions to perform movements in a relaxed manner, following these instructions. First, by making the time spent fast from the Start to Event1, and making the body move in circle further, from the shoulder joint axis at Event 2, the time spent lengthens. This way, the linear velocity, in the vertical top to bottom accelerates, resulting in lengthening the time spent up to Event4. 2. The results of the study found it desirable to make a big stick figure, following these instructions: by using the elastic force of the bar from the Start, which is the position variable for the body's center, to Event 1, the body's center can move more flexible, so that the ascending force from Event 2 to Event 3 can increase, and the hip joint can be extended to event4., resulting in increasing the vertical position. 3. The study found out that a flexible movement can be performed in a relaxed manner, by increasing the vertical speed at Event 1, which is the speed variable for the body's center, decreasing the horizontal speed at Event 2, and increasing the vertical speed, the rotation speed can be increased. Making the rotation radius big at Event 3, where the body is lifted up, a flexible movement can be performed until Event 4, where the standing-on-the-head takes place. 4. In performing the Healy movement, it's found desirable to follow these instructions: the angel between the shoulder and hip joints becomes large at Event 1 and Event 4, so that the movement of the body can be extended: and by shitting the body's center to the right, the angle of the shoulder joint should be small. 5. It's found desirable to make a flexible movement, by increasing the angular speed of the shoulder joint At Event 1, a variable for the angular speed, and decreasing it at Event 2, with the body pushed away from the shoulder joint axis, resulting in a big circle at Event 2: and by decreasing the angular speed of the hip joint in the vertical bottom-to-top direction. In conclusion, in performing the Healy movement on parallel bars for advanced and modified technical movements and for improved performance, the findings of the study confirm that it is essential to maintain the speed at the center of the body up to Event 3, by pushing up the body's center, utilizing the elasticity of the bar at Event 1, and increasing the rotation speed down the vertical line through the extended the hip joint to enlarge the circle movement within reach of the rotation radius, when twisting the body at 180 degrees around the shoulder joint at Event 2. Success or failure largely depends on performing the movement in a relaxed manner, by decreasing the speed gradually up to Event 4 where the standing-on-the-head takes place, while lifting the body at the rapid speed upward at Event 3 and not extending the hip joint.

Key Words

heaky movement

이진택LeeJin-Taek , 김영모KimYoung-Mo , 류재균RyuJae-Kyun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the kinematics variable of triple jump action. The subjects in this study were total 3 athletes of a class of national team. For this study, three-dimensional visual analysis by use DLT method was used after making a film of a movement during a contest. As a result of calculating the mean and standard deviation by analyzing distance, time, speed, angle factor, etc. of the kinematics variables, the results has been obtained as follows 1. It was shown that a phase distance and a phase ratio for all athletes were 37.20.15% and they showed a hop-dominated technique commonly, and the subject A jumped to the longest distance of 6.01m and also had the best ability to jump in step and jump distance. 2. In aspects of height of the body center, it was shown that the subject B had the highest body center at each phase take-off moment. And in height changes of the body center from a hop landing to a step take-off moment, the subject B had the highest height of 9㎝, and the subject B and C had the highest height of 22㎝ from step landing to jump take-off. 3. In aspects of distance from the body center to a landing lag, it was shown that the subject B had the shortest distance of 54.8㎝ in hop take-off moment and the longest distance of 57.5㎝ in hop landing moment. 4. In aspects of flying time of each phase, it was shown that the subject A had the longest time of 0.55s at hop, 0.46s at step and 0.71s at jump respectively.

Key Words

three-dimensional, DLT method

정철수ChungChul-Soo , 이병두LeeByung-Do , 육현철YoukHyeon-Chel , 이응기LeeWoong-Ki , 김현준KimHyun-Jun , 은선덕EunSeon-Deok , 이영석LeeYoung-Suk , 김용운KimYong-Woon

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to provide the profiles of performance variables such as record, velocity, stroke length, stroke rate and to analyze those according to race distance, gender in 50m, 100m, 200m swimmers participated in national competitions. The results of the study were as follows 1. There was significant difference in the record of male and female swimmers at all events. As race distance increased, relative record difference decreased. 2. The average stroke velocity tended to decrease as race distance increased. There was significant difference between male and female swimmers in all events. 3. The average stroke length increased as race distance increased. In addition, there were significant difference between male and female swimmers in both 100m, and 200m races. 4. The average stroke rate of male and female swimmers decreased as race distance increased. And there was significant difference between male and female swimmers in 50m races. 5. It was observed that the difference of stroke velocity between male and female swimmers was caused by stroke length rather than stroke rate. 6. Decrease in the average stroke velocity by increase race distance was considered to be caused by decreased stroke rate. And this low frequency was improtant caused of velocity difference compared to the world class swimmers such as the 16 Olympic finalists 7. In all competitions, stroke length and stroke rate had significantly negative correlation.

Key Words

stroke length, stroke rate, stroke frequency, freestyle, race analysis

김도연KimDo-Yeon , 곽경난KuagKyong-Nan

DOI:

Abstract

This study study was conducted for middle school students to aim an optimal body image of themselves. This study will be helpful to guide an overall physical appearance of the adolescents. The study was researched on 364 boys and girls from various middle schools located in Seoul. Comparative measurements of the anthropometry and perceptions of the individuals physical body image were investigated. The first data that was gathered was the comparison between the perception and the realistic body-image of the adolescents. The results showed a huge discrepancy between boys and girls. There is a physical and perceptional appearance difference between male and female students. The realistic body-image, as for boys 20.82 and for girls 20.83, looked insignificant, however, each figures, as for boys 19.76 and for girls 23.43, tells us that boys perceive that as thin girls as obese. Second, there is the difference in anthropometry and favorite body-image what boys girls prefers. For the boy, it was 22.25 and 17.50 for girls. Survey conducted with students showed that the male students wanted to gain more weight in the future, however, female students wanted to lose weight. Third survey showed that most of the girls liked to perceive the boys in the scale of 20.97 and in vise versa boys liked to see girls in the scale of 19.25 Fourth survey showed that girls preferred boys body-image to be 20.97 which was rated lower than the norm of the boys ideal image. However, boys preferred female body-image to be 19.25 which was rated higher than the norm of girls ideal image. Fifth survey showed the dissatisfaction of the body image in girls which rated 29.46 and in boys as 28.63. Dislikable body-image for the other sex was 29.28 for boys and 28.24 for girls. According to, both gender reported dislikeness in extreme fat body-image rather than a extreme slim figure. Sixth survey suggested an average data that fits the norm of the students appropriate body-image boys figures is 20.17 for boys and 20.56 for girls and girls figures is 19.92 for boys and 19.97 for girls. It was very close. seventh survey compared fits the norm of middle school students appropriate with favorite body-image. In case of boys. that was thinner than favorite body-image and girls. that was fatter than favorite boy-image. As a result, students preferences of the body do not coincide with the norm of the student appropriate body-image.

Key Words

body-image

박재현ParkJae-Hyeon , 강상조KangSang-Jo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to introduce on univariate Overlap Zone (OZ) and applicate on MS-Excel programing for OZ. OZ is mean that two distributions are the degree to overlapping. Two distributions can differ from each other if the mean of one is dislocated relative to the other, if the variability of one is markedly different from the other. It would like to be able to quantify in OZ for a selection pressure, there are some difficult on OZ calculation because it is need to calculate by iteration over 10 or more for the intersection of two curves. The easyOZ by Excel is program for compute OZ based on the MS-Excel by Microsoft. This OZ and Easy OZ would allow us to understand more completely the relative importance of different anthropometric variables, make informed judgments about talent identification criteria, and compare selection pressures in population subgroups such as males vs females, or national-level player vs international-level player.

Key Words

univariate overlap zone, OZ, eazy OZ by EXCEL

오광진OhKwang-Jin , 노형규RohHyoung-Kuy

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the concerns of university students with cerebral palsy(CP) who participated in sitting volleyball class. Three university students with CP were observed. Group in-depth interviews with 3 university students with CP were used to collect relevant data. The collected data was analyzed by the case analysis and inductive categorical analysis. Qualitative analysis produced the following results. First, university students with CP who participated in sitting volleyball class were concerned about 'fun or pleasure'. Second, university students with CP were concerned about 'modification of rules'. Modification of rules means using variety of ball sizes, reducing court size, controlling the numbers of participants, and a variety of touch frequencies. Third, university students with CP were concerned about 'team works'. Fourth, university students with CP were concerned about 'elimination of prejudice'. Fifth, university students with CP were concerned about 'ignorance of volley skills'. Sixth, university students with CP were concerned about 'health maintenance'. It is necessary for adapted physical educators to understand the disability traits of university students with CP. In addition, adapted physical educators should modify rules of games when he/she teaches sports to university students with CP.

Key Words

sitting volleyball, concern

한동기HanDong-Ki

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of videotape self-modeling and videotape self-observation on changing problem behaviors of students with autistic disorder in physical education. The subjects of this study were four students with autistic disorder. A-B-A-B withdrawal single subject research design was used to examine the effects of 18 sessions in six weeks. Baselines were classified by the examination of problem behaviors in aerobic exercise. Interventions were classified by those as well. During the interventions, the subjects watched edited oneself(subject A and B) and non-edited oneself own videotape(subject C and D) before they were examined on their problem behaviors in physical activities. The positive verbal reinforcements were permitted through the experimental period. The problem behaviors were recorded and analyzed in each exercise. The data were figured by the curve plots. The conclusions of this study were as follows: First, there were differences in the rates of reduction on behavior problems between each subject by videotape self-modeling and self-observation. Second, the characteristics of subjects have much more on the reduction of the problem behaviors in teaching in physical education than contents of videotape do.

Key Words

videotape self-modeling and self-observation, problem behaviors, autistic disorder

박동호ParkDong-Ho , 김광회KimKwang-Hoi , 김순기KimSun-Ki

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Abstract

A linear growth depends on both genetic and environmental factors that alter growth and sexual maturation. Exercise and nutrition are main environmental factors to alter linear growth and sex maturation. The effect of these factors has been well documented in a variety of elite sports, but there is limited information on regular exerciser who works out at a recreational level. To investigate the effect of exercise on linear growth in adolescent boys, the association of predicted adult height (PAH), target height (TH), pubertal stage and skeletal age, and physical activity(basketball) were evaluated in 51 adolescent boys out of 2,810, aged 15yr. 51 boys were automatically divided into two groups by participant characteristics: basketball group (n=22:, ≥3times/week, ≥30min/session) and inactivity group(n=26, ≤2times/week, ≤30min/session). The study included assessment of height, weight, sexual development, body fat, skeletal age, and dietary intake. Basketball group took more daily energy intake than inactivity group(p<.01), with relatively similar percentages of carbohydrate(68.93%), fat(13.47%) and protein(17.6%). There were no statistical differences in height, TH, skeletal age, sexual development between groups while there was a difference in PAH between Basketball group (178.27㎝) and Inactivity group C(174.75㎝, p<.05). This result indicated that regular basketball exercise at the level of recreation (4.57±.27)/week, 70±6.65/session) can favorably influence on linear growth in adolescent boys by increasing energy intake.

Key Words

exercise, predicted adult height, target height, bone age, 2nd sexual development

정선태JeongSeon-Tae , 남태호NamTae-Ho , 김태왕KimTai-Wang

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of the health-related physical fitness on walking 물 resistance exercise of the older women according to their exercise period. To carry out the study 24 older women(average age : 71.6±4.5), who reside in the silver town in the area of B metropolitan city, were chosen and were divided into 4 groups : 4-week exercise group(exercise for 4 weeks and detraining for 8 weeks), 8-week exercise group(exercise for 8 weeks and detraining for 4 weeks), 12-week exercise group(exercise for 12 weeks) and control group. According to their exercise period are given to exercise, utilizing walking, dumbbell and elastic band with the intensity of RPE 11-13(65~80% of HRmax) and 65~80% of 1RM for 60 minutes a time, twice per week. The health-related physical fitness are investigated by their fitness test on the basis of pretest, after 4 weeks/ 8 weeks/ 12 weeks, respectively. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA and one-way repeated measure ANOVA were used with the method of statistical research, and α=.05 set up with the significant level. The results were as follow : 1. In the case of the cardiovascular-respiratory function, 8-week group and 12-week group showed high level and the interaction effect between group and test time. And the actual function of 8-week group and 12-week group were improved after 8 weeks and 12 weeks, respectively. 2. In the case of flexibility, 8-week group was shown improved after 4 weeks and 12 weeks, and 12-week group was after 4/8/12 weeks. 3. In the case of muscular strength and muscular endurance, stand-up and sit-down from a chair by 4-week group was much improved after 4 weeks and 12 weeks.

Key Words

the older women, health-related physical fitness, exercise and detraining period